Panthee B, Panthee S, Gyawali S, Kawakami N (2017) Prevalence and correlates of substance use among health care students in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 17(1):950. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4980-6
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Drug Report U. World Drug Report, Youth. 30 Sep 201. New York, United States: United Nations; 2018. 1–62 p.
Hamdi E, Sabry N, Sedrak A, Khowailed A, Loza N, Rabie M, Ramy H (2016) Sociodemographic indicators for substance use and abuse in Egypt. J Addiction Prevention 4(1):8
Google Scholar
Viney S. As drug addiction rises in Cairo, experts offer recommendations. Egyptian dependent,,2012.Availableat:http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/drug-addiction-rises Cairo-experts-offer-recommendations. Accessed June 15, 2017.
Rabie M, Shaker NM, Gaber E, El-Habiby M, Ismail D, El-Gaafary M, Lotfy A, Sabry N, Khafagy W, Muscat R (2020) Prevalence updates of substance use among Egyptian adolescents. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 27(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-019-0013-8
Article
Google Scholar
Skidmore CR, Kaufman EA, Crowell SE (2016) Substance use among college students. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin 25(4):735–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2016.06.004
Article
Google Scholar
Bassiony MM, Salah El-Deen G, Abdelghani M, Youssef UM, Hassan MS, El-Gohari H (2018) Addressing prevalence and correlates among a sample of Egyptian university students who suffer from substance use disorders. Addict Disord Treat 17(3):114–123. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000131
Article
Google Scholar
Bajwa HZ, Al-Turki ASA, Dawas AMK, Behbehani MQ, Al-Mutairi AMA, Al-Mahmoud S, Shukkur M, Thalib L (2013) Prevalence and factors associated with the use of illicit substances among male university students in Kuwait. Med Princ Pract 22(5):458–463. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350609
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Osman T, Victor C, Abdulmoneim A, Mohammed H, Abdalla F, Ahmed A, Mohammed W (2016) Epidemiology of substance use among university students in Sudan. J Addict 2016:2476164. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2476164
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Evans-Polce R, Lanza S, Maggs J (2016) Heterogeneity of alcohol, tobacco, and other substance use behaviors in US college students: a latent class analysis. Addict Behav 53:80–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.010
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fernández-Villa T, Molina AJ, Amezcua-Prieto C, Mateos R, Cancela JM, Delgado-Rodríguez M et al (2019) Drug use, family support and related factors in university students. A cross-sectional study based on the uniHcos Project data. Gac Sanit 33(2):141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2017.10.019
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schilling L, Zeeb H, Pischke C, Helmer S, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, Reintjes R et al (2017) Licit and illicit substance use patterns among university students in Germany using cluster analysis. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 12(1):44
Article
Google Scholar
Meray MS, Ahmed FH, Rania AR (2016) Study of drug abuse among university students in Sohag, Egypt. J Forensic Toxicol Med Leg Anal 1(2):19–23
Google Scholar
Musyoka CM, Mbwayo A, Donovan D, Mathai M (2020) Alcohol and substance use among first-year students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya: prevalence and patterns. PloS one 15(8):e0238170. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238170
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2018). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 18-5068, NSDUH Series H-53). Rockville: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs. European Drug Report [Internet]. European Union Publications Office. 2019. 1–94 p. Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/4541/TDAT17001ENN.pdf_en.
Kassa A, Taddesse F, Yilma A (2014) Prevalence and factors determining psychoactive substance (PAS) use among Hawassa University (HU) undergraduate students, Hawassa Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 14(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1044
Article
Google Scholar
Nwanna UK, Sulayman AA, Oluwole I, Kolawole AK, Komuhang G, Lawoko S (2018) Prevalence & risk factors for substance abuse among university students in Kampala, Uganda. Int J Med Res Public Heal 2(1):1–13
Google Scholar
Soueif MI, Darweesh ZA, Hannourah MA, el-Sayfd AM, Yunis FA, Taha HS (1986) The extent of drug use among Egyptian male university students. Drug Alcohol Depend 18(4):389–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716(86)90104-3
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
El-Ghonemy SH, El-Din MH, Mowafy A, Hasan H, El Ghamry RH (2021) Sociodemographic Correlates of Substance Use in a Sample of Egyptian Female University Students. Addict Disord Treat. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.0000000000000275
Bassiony MM, Abdelghani M, Salah El-Deen GM, Hassan MS, El-Gohari H, Youssef UM (2018) Opioid use disorders attributed to tramadol among Egyptian university students. J Addict Med 12(2):150–155. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000380
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berman AH, Bergman H, Palmstierna T, Schlyter F (2004) Evaluation of the drug use disorders identification test (DUDIT) in criminal justice and detoxification settings and in a Swedish population sample. Eur Addict Res 11(1):22–31. https://doi.org/10.1159/000081413
Article
Google Scholar
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, De la Fuente JR, Grant M (1993) Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction 88(6):791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sfendla A, Zouini B, Lemrani D, Berman AH, Senhaji M, Kerekes N (2017) Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the drug use disorders identification test (DUDIT) in clinical, prison inmate, and student samples. Int J Behav Med 24(2):280–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-016-9623-2
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows, version 16.0. Chicago, IL, SPSS Inc. 2007. Available at: www.unimuenster.de/imperia/md/content/ziv/service/software/spss/handbuecher/English/spss_brief_guide_16.0.pdf. Accessed January 9, 2016.
Alebachew W, Semahegn A, Ali T, Mekonnen H (2019) Prevalence, associated factors and consequences of substance use among health and medical science students of Haramaya University, eastern Ethiopia, 2018: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 19(1):343. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2340-z
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Abbasi-Ghahramanloo A, Fotouhi A, Zeraati H, Rahimi-Movaghar A (2015) Prescription drugs, alcohol, and illicit substance use and their correlations among medical sciences students in Iran. Int J High Risk Behav Addict 4(1):e21945. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.21945
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ayala EE, Roseman D, Winseman JS, Mason HR (2017) Prevalence, perceptions, and consequences of substance use in medical students. Med Educ Online 22(1):1392824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2017.1392824
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tsvetkova L, Antonova N (2013) The prevalence of drug use among university students in St. Petersburg, Russia. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art 6(12):86–94. https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2013.0108
Article
Google Scholar
Suerken CK, Reboussin BA, Egan KL, Sutfin EL, Wagoner KG, Spangler J, Wolfson M (2016) Marijuana use trajectories and academic outcomes among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 162:137–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.041
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Adere A, Yimer NB, Kumsa H, Liben ML (2017) Determinants of psychoactive substances use among Woldia University students in Northeastern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 10(1):441. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2763-x
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mekonen T, Fekadu W, Mekonnen TC, Workie SB (2017) Substance use as a strong predictor of poor academic achievement among university students. Psychiatry J 2017:7517450. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7517450
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Negm MG, Fouad AA (2014) Prevalence of substance abuse among adolescent school students in Zagazig. Egypt J Psychiatry 35(3):161. https://doi.org/10.4103/1110-1105.144344
Article
Google Scholar
Loffredo CA, Boulos DNK, Saleh DA, Jillson IA, Garas M, Loza N, Samuel P, Shaker YE, Ostrowski M-J, Amr S (2015) Substance use by Egyptian youth: current patterns and potential avenues for prevention. Subst Use Misuse 50(5):609–618. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.997391
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bakar C, Gündogar D, Ozisik Karaman HI, Maral I (2013) Prevalence and related risk factors of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit substance use among university students. Eur J Psychiatry 27(2):97–110
Google Scholar
Atwoli L, Mungla PA, Ndung’u MN, Kinoti KC, Ogot EM (2011) Prevalence of substance use among college students in Eldoret, western Kenya. BMC Psychiatry 11(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-34
Article
Google Scholar
Lopez-Quintero C, Neumark Y (2010) Effects of risk perception of marijuana use on marijuana use and intentions to use among adolescents in Bogota. Colombia. Drug Alcohol Depend 109(1-3):65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.011
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kilmer JR, Hunt SB, Lee CM (2007) Marijuana use, risk perception, and consequences: is perceived risk congruent with reality? Addict Behav 32(12):3026–3033
Article
Google Scholar
Merrill RM (2015) Use of marijuana and changing risk perceptions. Am J Health Behav 39(3):308–317
Article
Google Scholar
Beck F, Legleye S, Chomynova P (2014) A quantitative exploration of attitudes out of line with the prevailing norms toward alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use among European students. Subst Use Misuse. 49(7):877–890. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.889910
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bassiony MM, Salah El-Deen GM, Yousef U (2015) Adolescent tramadol use and abuse in Egypt. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 41(3):206–211. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2015.1014959
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bassiony MM, Youssef UM, Hussein RA (2016) Psychiatric comorbidity among Egyptian patients with opioid use disorders attributed to tramadol. J Addict Med 10(4):262–268. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000231
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bogowicz P, Ferguson J, Gilvarry E, Kamali F, Kaner E, Newbury-Birch D (2018) Alcohol and other substance use among medical and law students at a UK university: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Postgrad Med J 94(1109):131–136. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-135136
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rostam-abadi Y, Gholami J, Amin-Esmaeili M, Safarcherati A, Mojtabai R, Ghadirzadeh MR et al (2020) Tramadol use and public health consequences in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 115(12):2213–2242. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15059
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
El- Hadidy, M. A., &El-Gilany, A. H. (2014) Physical and sexual wellbeing during and after tramadol dependence. Middle East Curr Psychiatry. 21(3):148–151. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.XME.0000449839.69324.71
Article
Google Scholar