Table 1 The main characteristics of the included studies
Autor, year | Study location | Sample size (percentage of males) | Studied population, Mean age (range) | Comorbiditya | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Venlafaxine | ||||||
Olvera et al. 1996 [36] | USA | 16 (90%) | Children and adolescents, 11.6 (8–17) | Some subjects had: • ODDb • MDD • GAD • SAD • BD | • Meeting the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD • Having a score of the CPRS that was at least 1.5 SDs above the mean for the patient's age and sex | – |
Findling et al. 2007 [37] | USA | 38 (87%) | Children and adolescents, 10.7 (5–17) | • 31% ODD | • Meeting DSM-IV criteria for ADHD of at least moderate severity | • Evidence of a current or past significant medical or neurological illnesses • BD, mental retardation, MDD, OCD, PTSD, GAD • First-degree relatives of bipolar patients • Substances abusers • Patients with a past or current history of clinically significant suicidal ideation or self-injurious behavior • Females who were sexually active but not using effective birth control methods |
Hashemian and Nazemian 2015 [38] | Iran | 40 | Children, (7–11) | – | • Meeting DSM-V criteria • Patients who suffered from side effects or had a lack of response to methylphenidate | - |
Zarinara et al. 2010 [39] | Iran | 38 (71%) | Children, 9.49 (6–13) | – | • Meeting the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for ADHD • Total or subscale scores on ADHD-RS-IV of at least 1.5 standard deviations above norms for patient's age and gender | • History or current diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorders, schizophrenia, or other psychiatric disorders (DSM-IV axis I) • Any current psychiatric comorbidity that required pharmacotherapy • Any evidence of suicide risk and mental retardation (IQ < 70) • A clinically significant chronic medical condition, including organic brain disorder, seizures, or current abuse or dependence on drugs the last six months • Hypertension or hypotension |
Amiri et al. 2012 [43] | Iran | 44 (58%) | Adults, 30.5 (18–45) | – | • Being parents or siblings of children diagnosed with ADHD • Meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD | • Current psychiatric disorders other than adult ADHD • Suffered from a significant chronic medical disease such as seizures or cardiovascular disease • Had a history of drug or alcohol abuse or dependency within the past six months • Was breastfeeding or pregnant |
Mukaddes and Abali 2004 [40] | Turkey | 13 (69%) | Children and adolescents, 9.9 (6–15) | • 15% ODD • 7% tic disorder • 15% reading disorder | • Meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD | • Seizure disorder • Evidence of systemic disease • Comorbidity of depression |
Hornig-Rohan and Amsterdam 2002 [41] | USA | 17 (70%) | Adults, 43 (21–67) | • 100% chronic MDD of > 2 years • 52% BD • 41% history of treatment-resistant depression | • Meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for adult ADD | • BD Type I or Type II, OCD, panic disorder, GAD, alcohol and/or substance abuse within the past 12 months |
Adler et al. 1995 [45] | USA | 12 (50%) | Adults, 34.9 (19–59) | • 25% panic disorder • 8% MDD | • Meeting WURS and ADHQ diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD • Meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD | – |
Findling et al. 1996 [42] | USA | 10 (50%) | Adults, 38.5 (18–54) | • Some subjects had GAD or MDD | • Meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD | • Presence of organic mental disorder • mental retardation • Psychosis, BD, GAD, MDD • Substance abusers |
Hedges et al. 1995 [44] | USA | 18 (66%) | Adults, 35 | – | • Meeting WURDS diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD | • MDD • Personality disorders |
Duloxetine | ||||||
Bilodeau et al. 2014 [33] | Canada | 30 | Adult, 33.2 (18–50) | – | • Having a minimal baseline score of 20 on the CAARS • Having a score of at least four on the CGI-S • Having completed high school or having an IQ of 80 or greater | • Psychotic disorders, BD, MDD, GAD, • Substance or alcohol use disorder was present six months before the study • Pregnancy • Any medical condition or medication incompatible with duloxetine treatment |
Mahmoudi‐Gharaei et al. 2011 [34] | Iran | 17 | Adolescents, 12.23 (11–18) | • 53% ODD • 15% Depression • 46% GAD • 23% OCD | • Meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD • Meeting K-SADS-PL diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD | • Pervasive developmental disorder, BD, conduct disorder, Mental retardation, and psychotic disorder • Clinically significant medical illness requiring pharmacotherapy • History of hypersensitivity to duloxetine • Current substance abuse or dependence within three months • Pregnancy and breastfeeding |
Dodangi et al. 2015 [35] | Iran | 13 | Children, 8.4 (6–11) | • 60% ODD • 20% GAD • 20% OCD • 10% Learning Disability | • Meeting DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD • Meeting K-SADS-PL diagnostic criteria for adult ADHD | • Pervasive developmental disorder, BD, conduct disorder, Mental retardation, and psychotic disorder • Clinically significant medical illness requiring pharmacotherapy • History of hypersensitivity to duloxetine |