Table 3 Summary of emerging evidence of different antipsychotic drugs for their anti-inflammatory and anti-infection action
From: The role of infections and inflammation in schizophrenia: review of the evidence
Agent | Mechanism of action | Summary of key clinical evidence | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Risperidone and olanzapine | Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Stimulate anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17. | One study: reduced IL-10 and IL1-RA in first episode psychosis. | |
Clozapine | Attenuates immune activation and oxidative stress. | One study: increased IL-18. | |
Haloperidol | Target intra- and intercellular inflammation pathways: p38 MAPK, NF-kB, and COX. | One study. increased levels of CRP after 3 months but no difference from baseline after 12 months. | |
Chlorpromazine (phenothiazine) | Inhibits immune cell function. Regulates inflammatory cytokines. | No RCT. Three preclinical experiments, one observational, and 12 opinions exist. Its inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis may affect immune system cells, according to one study. A study found that endotoxin injection in mice raises IL-10 and reduces IL6 and TNF-α levels. |