Table 1 Demographics, substance data, and optical coherence tomography in patients with tramadol use and controls

Age

26.20 ± 4.45

30.12 ± 8.16

0.124

Gender

Males

24/96%

21/84%

0.349

Females

1/4%

4/16%

Tramadol average dose (mg/day)

2748.00 ± 4346.00

X

X

Duration of tramadol use (years)

7.08 ± 3.53

X

X

Age at 1st tramadol use (years)

18.44 ± 3.25

X

X

Addiction severity index

Medical

1.92 ± 1.93

X

X

Employment

7.08 ± 0.99

X

X

Drug use

7.40 ± 0.50

X

X

Legal

5.16 ± 2.61

X

X

Family history

0.72 ± 0.46

X

X

Family status

6.64 ± 1.11

X

X

Psychiatric problems

2.52 ± 2.06

X

X

Optical coherence tomography

Rt RNFL average µm

110.82 ± 10.80

121.96 ± 4.38

 < 0.001

Rt RNFL superior µm

110.48 ± 10.98

112.20 ± 11.23

0.594

Rt RNFL inferior µm

110.48 ± 12.65

117.23 ± 23.68

0.554

Rt GCC average µm

99.87 ± 6.23

98.37 ± 8.042

0.244

Lt RNFL average µm

107.80 ± 14.37

121.35 ± 4.06

 < 0.001

Lt RNFL superior µm

107.98 ± 15.48

119.53 ± 26.03

0.045

Lt RNFL inferior µm

107.00 ± 16.42

120.23 ± 25.37

0.013

Lt GCC average µm

95.51 ± 10.73

101.72 ± 8.87

0.043