Table 4 Comparison of subitems of cognitive functions among studied patients and control groups assessed by MOCA
From: Impact of tramadol and heroin abuse on electroencephalography structure and cognitive functions
Cognitive function test | Tramadol group (n = 40) | Heroin group (n = 40) | Control group (n = 40) | χ2 | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | n | % | n | % | |||
Alternating trail making: | 24.646 | 0.001* | ||||||
0 | 26 | 65.0 | 27 | 67.5 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
1 | 14 | 15.0 | 13 | 32.50 | 40 | 100.0 | ||
Cube drawing | 34.29 | 0.001* | ||||||
0 | 33 | 82.50 | 32 | 80.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
1 | 7 | 17.50 | 8 | 20.0 | 40 | 100.0 | ||
Clock drawing | MCET | 0.250 | ||||||
0 | 5 | 12.50 | 8 | 20.00 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
1 | 5 | 12.50 | 12 | 30.00 | 10 | 25.0 | ||
2 | 23 | 57.50 | 9 | 22.50 | 20 | 50.0 | ||
3 | 27 | 67.50 | 11 | 27.50 | 10 | 25.0 | ||
Naming: | MCET | 0.001* | ||||||
1 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 5.00 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
2 | 21 | 52.5 | 25 | 62.50 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
3 | 19 | 47.50 | 13 | 32.50 | 40 | 100.0 | ||
Attention: | 13.029 | 0.001* | ||||||
2–4 | 14 | 35.0 | 15 | 37.50 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
5 | 10 | 25.0 | 9 | 22.50 | 25 | 62.50 | ||
6 | 16 | 40.0 | 16 | 40.00 | 15 | 37.50 | ||
Sentence repetition: | MCET | 0.033* | ||||||
0 | 9 | 22.50 | 10 | 25.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
1 | 21 | 52.50 | 22 | 55.0 | 18 | 45.0 | ||
2 | 10 | 25.00 | 8 | 20.0 | 22 | 55.0 | ||
Verbal fluency: | 13.678 | 0.001* | ||||||
0 | 35 | 87.50 | 28 | 70.0 | 27 | 67.50 | ||
1 | 7 | 17.50 | 12 | 30.0 | 13 | 32.50 | ||
Abstraction: | MCET | 0.050 | ||||||
0 | 7 | 17.50 | 3 | 7.50 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
1 | 9 | 22.50 | 9 | 22.50 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
2 | 24 | 60.00 | 28 | 70.00 | 40 | 100.0 | ||
Delayed recall: | 5.740 | 0.300 | ||||||
0–3 | 15 | 37.50 | 12 | 30.0 | 7 | 17.50 | ||
4 | 13 | 32.50 | 8 | 20.0 | 15 | 37.50 | ||
5 | 12 | 30.00 | 20 | 50.0 | 18 | 45.00 | ||
Orientation: | MCET | 0.001* | ||||||
0–4 | 10 | 25.0 | 13 | 32.50 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
5 | 22 | 55.0 | 17 | 42.50 | 6 | 15.0 | ||
6 | 8 | 20.0 | 10 | 25.00 | 34 | 85.0 | ||