Effects of child abuse and neglect on executive functions among children diagnosed with learning disabilities or attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Middle East Current Psychiatry

Table 5 Relation between abuse and executive functions among studied children in group III (n = 60)

	Abuse								χ²	^MCp
	Absent abuse (n = 38)		Physical abuse (n = 20)		Sexual abuse (n = 1)		Both types of abuse (n = 1)
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%
Time management EF
No	5	13.2	0	0.0	0	0.0	1	100.0	8.376^*	0.045^*
Yes	33	86.8	20	100.0	1	100.0	0	0.0	8.376^*	0.045^*
Sig. bet. Grps	p₁ = 0.153,^FEp₂ = 1.000,^FEp₃ = 1.000, p₄ = –,^FEp₅ = 0.048^*,^FEp₆ = 1.000
Problem solving and self-organization EF
No	7	18.4	8	40.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	3.990	0.255
Yes	31	81.6	12	60.0	1	100.0	1	100.0	3.990	0.255
Self-restraint executive function
No	9	23.7	7	35.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1.786	0.663
Yes	29	76.3	13	65.0	1	100.0	1	100.0	1.786	0.663
Self-motivation EF
No	12	31.6	4	20.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	1.711	0.749
Yes	26	68.4	16	80.0	1	100.0	1	100.0	1.711	0.749
Emotional regulation EF
No	16	42.1	1	5.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	10.268^*	0.004^*
Yes	22	57.9	19	95.0	1	100.0	1	100.0	10.268^*	0.004^*
Sig. bet. grps	p₁ = 0.003^*,^FEp₂ = 1.000,^FEp₃ = 1.000,^FEp₄ = 1.000, ^FEp₅ = 1.000, ^FEp₆ = –