Effects of child abuse and neglect on executive functions among children diagnosed with learning disabilities or attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Middle East Current Psychiatry

Table 4 Relation between abuse and executive functions among studied children in group II (n = 80)

	Abuse								χ²	^MCp
	Absent abuse (n = 67)		Physical abuse (n = 8)		Sexual abuse (n = 2)		Both types of abuse (n = 3)
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%
Time management EF
No	12	17.9	2	25.0	0	0.0	1	33.3	1.594	0.682
Yes	55	82.1	6	75.0	2	100.0	2	66.7	1.594	0.682
Problem solving and self-organization EF
No	12	17.9	1	12.5	1	50.0	1	33.3	2.713	0.347
Yes	55	82.1	7	87.5	1	50.0	2	66.7	2.713	0.347
Self-restraint executive function
No	52	77.6	6	75.0	0	0.0	1	33.3	7.422^*	0.045^*
Yes	15	22.4	2	25.0	2	100.0	2	66.7	7.422^*	0.045^*
Sig. bet. grps	^FEp₁ = 1.000,^FEp₂ = 0.058,^FEp₃ = 0.144, p₄ = 0.133,p₅ = 0.491,p₆ = 1.000
Self-motivation EF
No	31	46.3	2	25.0	0	0.0	1	33.3	2.587	0.525
Yes	36	53.7	6	75.0	2	100.0	2	66.7	2.587	0.525
Emotional regulation EF
No	43	64.2	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	17.749^*	< 0.001^*
Yes	24	35.8	8	100.0	2	100.0	3	100.0	17.749^*	< 0.001^*
Sig. bet. grps	^FEp₁ = 0.001^,^FEp₂ = 0.139^,^FEp₃ = 0.053, p₄ = –,p₅ = ,p₆ = –