Effects of child abuse and neglect on executive functions among children diagnosed with learning disabilities or attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Middle East Current Psychiatry

Table 2 Relation between abuse and executive functions among studied children (n = 340)

	Abuse								χ²	^MCp
	Absent abuse (n = 260)		Physical abuse (n = 62)		Sexual abuse (n = 9)		Both types of abuse (n = 9)
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%
Time management EF
No	137	52.7	20	32.3	2	22.2	3	33.3	11.489^*	0.008^*
Yes	123	47.3	42	67.7	7	77.8	6	66.7	11.489^*	0.008^*
Sig. bet. Grps	p₁ = 0.004^*,^FEp₂ = 0.094,^FEp₃ = 0.319,^FEp₄ = 0.711, ^FEp₅ = 1.000, ^FEp₆ = 1.000
Problem solving and self-organization EF
No	151	58.1	27	43.5	6	66.7	4	44.4	5.163	0.154
Yes	109	41.9	35	56.5	3	33.3	5	55.6	5.163	0.154
Self-restraint executive function
No	164	63.1	16	25.8	0	0.0	1	11.1	46.664^*	< 0.001^*
Yes	96	36.9	46	74.2	9	100.0	8	88.9	46.664^*	< 0.001^*
Sig. bet. grps	p₁ < 0.001^,^FEp₂ < 0.001^,^FEp₃ = 0.003^*,^FEp₄ = 0.193, ^FEp₅ = 0.677, ^FEp₆ = 1.000
Self-motivation EF
No	160	61.5	22	35.5	3	33.3	3	33.3	17.299^*	0.001^*
Yes	100	38.5	40	64.5	6	66.7	6	66.7	17.299^*	0.001^*
Sig. bet. grps	p₁ < 0.001^*,^FEp₂ = 0.161,^FEp₃ = 0.161,^FEp₄ = 1.000, ^FEp₅ = 1.000, ^FEp₆ = 1.000
Emotional regulation EF
No	181	69.6	4	6.5	1	11.2	1	11.2	103.354^*	< 0.001^*
Yes	79	30.4	58	93.5	8	88.8	8	88.8	103.354^*	< 0.001^*
Sig. bet. grps	p₁ < 0.001^,^FEp₂ = 0.001^,^FEp₃ = 0.001^*,^FEp₄ = 0.503, ^FEp₅ = 0.503, ^FEp₆ = 1.000