Effects of child abuse and neglect on executive functions among children diagnosed with learning disabilities or attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Maged Hamza, Aya; Ghobashy, Soha Abdellatif; Abouelwafa, Heba Essam

doi:10.1186/s43045-023-00349-7

Middle East Current Psychiatry

Table 18 Comparison between the different studied groups according to history and demographic data

From: Effects of child abuse and neglect on executive functions among children diagnosed with learning disabilities or attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

	Group I (n = 100)		Group II (n = 80)		Group III (n = 60)		Group IV (n = 100)		Test of sig	p
	No	%	No	%	No	%	No	%	Test of sig	p
Age (years)
≤ 10	54	54.0	49	61.3	37	61.7	72	72.0	χ² = 6.990	0.072
> 10	46	46.0	31	38.8	23	38.3	28	28.0	χ² = 6.990	0.072
Min.–max	6.0–13.0		6.0–13.0		6.0–13.0		6.0–13.0		F = 0.825	0.481
Mean ± SD	9.18 ± 2.62		9.48 ± 2.96		9.38 ± 2.88		9.79 ± 2.72
Median	9.0		9.0		9.0		10.0
Gender
Male	80	80.0	54	67.5	45	75.0	66	66.0	χ² = 6.039	0.110
Female	20	20.0	26	32.5	15	25.0	34	34.0	χ² = 6.039	0.110
Address
Urban	87	87.0	76	95.0	55	91.7	100	100.0	χ² = 14.593^*	0.002^*
Rural	13	13.0	4	5.0	5	8.3	0	0.0	χ² = 14.593^*	0.002^*
p₁			< 0.001^*		^FEp = 0.037^*		^FEp = 0.007^*
Sig. bet. Grps			p₂ = 0.068,p₃ = 0.366,^FEp₄ = 0.497
Social class
Above average	30	30.0	38	47.5	14	23.3	38	38.0	χ² = 58.743^*	< 0.001^*
Average	36	36.0	27	33.8	21	35.0	62	62.0
Below average	34	34.0	15	18.8	25	41.7	0	0.0
p₁			< 0.001^*		< 0.001^*		< 0.001^*
Sig. bet. Grps			p₂ = 0.024^,p₃ = 0.545,p₄ = 0.003^
Birth order
First	48	48.0	47	58.8	34	56.7	100	100.0	χ² = 103.488^*	^MCp < 0.001^*
Second	29	29.0	26	32.5	10	16.7	0	0.0
Third	17	17.0	5	6.3	8	13.3	0	0.0
Fourth	3	3.0	1	1.3	6	10.0	0	0.0
Fifth	3	3.0	1	1.3	2	3.3	0	0.0
^MCp₁			< 0.001^*		< 0.001^*		< 0.001^*
Sig. bet. Grps			^MCp₂ = 0.154, ^MCp₃ = 0.157, ^MCp₄ = 0.018^*
Grade
No schooling	2	2.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	0	0.0	χ² = 20.229^*	^MCp = 0.006^*
KG	15	15.0	3	3.8	5	8.3	9	9.0
Junior grades	74	74.0	58	72.5	46	76.7	84	84.0
Preparatory grades	9	9.0	19	23.8	9	15.0	7	7.0
p₁			^MCp = 0.234		0.004^*		0.264
Sig. bet. Grps			^MCp₂ = 0.003^*,^MCp₃ = 0.354, ^MCp₄ = 0.291
Academic achievement
Excellent	12	12.0	7	8.8	4	6.7	31	31.0	χ² = 99.585^*	< 0.001^*
Good	31	31.0	28	35.0	12	20.0	63	63.0
Below average	33	33.0	33	41.3	24	40.0	6	6.0
Poor	24	24.0	12	15.0	20	33.3	0	0.0
p₁			< 0.001^*		< 0.001^*		< 0.001^*
Sig. bet. Grps			p₂= 0.350,p₃= 0.216,p₄= 0.047^*
Family history
No related family history	71	71.0	33	41.3	26	43.3	100	100.0	χ² = 116.306	^MCp < 0.001^*
+ ve Consanguinity	3	3.0	5	6.3	5	8.3	0	0.0
ADHD history	8	8.0	5	6.3	8	13.3	0	0.0
Learning disorder history	1	1.0	14	17.5	7	11.7	0	0.0
Psychiatric disorder history	10	10.0	11	13.8	9	15.0	0	0.0
Medical disorder	7	7.0	12	15.0	5	8.3	0	0.0
p₁			^MCp < 0.001^*		^MCp < 0.001^*		^MCp < 0.001^*
Sig. bet. Grps			p₂ < 0.001^,^MCp₃ = 0.003^,p₄ = 0.526

^*Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05

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