Table 5 Association between the impulsive hyperactive, anxiety, and 10-items hyperactivity index score of ADHD patients during COVID-19 pandemic and their general characteristics

Age of child (years):

 Mean ± SD

10.4 ± 2.6

10.2 ± 3.3

0.6

10.9 ± 3.4

9.9 ± 2.8

0.04*

11.1 ± 2.6

9.9 ± 3.2

0.02*

Sex, n (%):

 Male

21 (39.6%)

94 (96.9%)

< 0.001*

56 (100%)

59 (62.8%)

< 0.001*

26 (56.5%)

89 (85.6%)

< 0.001**

 Female

32 (60.4%)

3 (3.1%)

0 (0.0%)

35 (37.2%)

20 (43.5%)

15 (14.4%)

Residence, n (%):

 Urban

47 (88.7%)

88 (90.7%)

0.7

50 (89.3%)

85 (90.4%)

0.8

43 (93.5%)

92 (88.2%)

0.3

 Rural

6 (11.3%)

9 (9.3%)

6 (10.7%)

9 (9.6%)

3 (6.5%)

12 (11.5%)

Social class, n (%):

 Low

25 (47.2%)

50 (51.5%)

0.6

31 (55.4%)

44 (46.8%)

0.4

25 (54.3%)

50 (48.1%)

0.1

 Middle

21 (39.6%)

31 (32.0%)

19 (33.9%)

33 (35.1%)

11 (24.0%)

41 (39.4%)

 High

7 (13.2%)

16 (16.5%)

6 (10.7%)

17 (18.1%)

10 (21.7%)

13 (12.5%)

Marital state of the parents, n (%):

 Married

48 (90.6%)

79 (81.4%)

0.07

44 (78.6%)

83 (88.3%)

< 0.001*

44 (95.7%)

83 (79.8%)

0.04*

 Divorced

5 (9.4%)

9 (9.3%)

3 (5.4%)

11 (11.7%)

2 (4.3%)

12 (11.5%)

 Widow

0 (0.0%)

9 (9.3%)

9 (16.1%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

9 (8.7%)

The number of other siblings

 Median (range)

2 (0–4)

2 (0–4)

0.9

2 (0–4)

1 (0–3)

0.8

2 (0–3)

2 (0–4)

0.4

Confirmed positive cases of COVID-19 among family members, n (%):

 Yes

27 (50.9%)

63 (64.9%)

0.09

33 (58.9%)

57 (60.6%)

0.8

24 (52.2%)

66 (63.5%)

0.2

 No

26 (49.1%)

34 (35.1%)

23 (41.1%)

37 (39.4%)

22 (47.8%)

38 (36.5%)

Lost family member due to COVID-19, n (%):

 Yes

0 (0.0%)

18 (18.6%)

< 0.001*

9 (16.1%)

9 (9.6%)

0.5

3 (6.5%)

15 (14.4%)

0.04*

 No

53 (100%)

79 (81.4%)

47 (83.9%)

85 (90.4%)

43 (93.5%)

89 (85.6%)

Father’s current working state, n (%):

 Go to work as regular

32 (60.4%)

65 (67.0%)

0.3

36 (64.3%)

61 (64.9%)

0.003*

26 (56.5%)

71 (68.3%)

0.2

 Online working from home

15 (28.3%)

17 (17.5%)

8 (14.3%)

24 (25.5%)

14 (30.4%)

18 (17.3%)

 Not working because of COVID-19

6 (11.3%)

12 (12.4%)

12 (21.4%)

6 (6.4%)

6 (13.0%)

12 (11.5%)

 Not working since before COVID-19

0 (0.0%)

3 (3.1%)

0 (0.0%)

3 (3.2%)

0 (0.0%)

3 (2.9%)

Mother’s current working state, n (%):

 Not working because of COVID-19

20 (37.7%)

41 (42.3%)

0.3

23 (41.1%)

38 (40.4%)

0.9

22 (47.8%)

39 (37.5%)

0.2

 Not working since before COVID-19

12 (22.6%)

29 (29.9%)

15 (26.8%)

26 (27.7%)

9 (19.6%)

32 (30.8%)

 Online working from home

15 (28.3%)

15 (15.5%)

12 (21.4%)

18 (19.1%)

12 (26.1%)

18 (17.3%)

 Go to work as regular

6 (11.3%)

12 (12.4%)

6 (10.7%)

12 (12.8%)

3 (6.5%)

15 (14.4%)

Direct follow-up with a psychiatrist since COVID-19, n (%):

 Yes

3 (5.7%)

3 (3.1%)

0.3

3 (5.4%)

3 (3.2%)

0.5

3 (6.5%)

3 (2.9%)

0.3

 No

50 (94.3%)

94 (96.9%)

53 (94.6%)

91 (96.8%)

43 (93.5%)

101 (97.1%)

The compliance of the ADHD children on treatment as compared to before COVID-19:

 Compliant

58 (59.7%)

16 (30.1%)

0.032*

47 (84%)

48 (51.1%)

0.006*

28 (60.8%)

32 (30.7%)

0.032*

 Non-compliant

39 (40.3%)

37 (69.8%)

9 (16%)

46 (48.9%)

18 (39.2%)

72 (69.3%)

The parent’s attitude towards the child’s behavior problems as compared to before COVID-19, n (%):

 Not abusive

9 (17.0%)

17 (17.6%)

0.1

0 (0.0%)

26 (27.6%)

< 0.001*

3 (6.5%)

23 (22.1%)

0.9

 Verbally abusive

18 (34.0%)

12 (12.4%)

6 (10.7%)

24 (25.5%)

18 (39.1%)

12 (11.5%)

 Both verbally and physically abusive

26 (49.0%)

68 (70.0%)

50 (89.3%)

44 (46.9%)

25 (54.4%)

69 (66.4%)