Table 4 Frequency of cognitive impairment among patients with diabetes according to sociodemographic and disease variables
From: Cognitive impairment among patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study
Variable | Cognitive impairment (MOCA score 26 and below) | Severe cognitive impairment (MOCA score 20 and below) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, n (%) | P | Cramer’s V | Yes, n (%) | P | Cramer’s V | |
Age in years | ||||||
 < 40 years | 10 (55.6) | 0.001 | 0.22 | 1 (5.6) | 0.008 | 0.19 |
 40–59 years | 105 (76.6) |  |  | 43 (31.4) |  |  |
 ≥ 60 years | 101 (88.6) |  |  | 47 (41.2) |  |  |
Gender | ||||||
 Females | 145 (78.4) | 0.240 |  | 70 (37.8) | 0.039 | 0.13 |
 Males | 71 (84.5) |  |  | 21 (25.0) |  |  |
Level of education | ||||||
 Below bachelor | 149 (90.3) | < 0.001 | 0.32 | 81 (49.09) | < 0.001 | 0.41 |
 Bachelor | 67 (64.4) |  |  | 10 (9.62) |  |  |
Income | ||||||
 Enough with saving | 23 (82.1) | 0.026 | 0.16 | 6 (21.4) | 0.022 | 0.17 |
 Enough | 160 (77.3) |  |  | 67 (32.4) |  |  |
 Not enough | 33 (97.1) |  |  | 18 (52.9) |  |  |
Employment | ||||||
 Employed | 57 (69.5) | 0.003 | 0.18 | 17 (20.7) | 0.003 | 0.18 |
 Unemployed | 159 (85.0) |  |  | 74 (39.6) |  |  |
Practicing exercise | ||||||
 Yes | 132 (79) | 0.508 |  | 47 (28.1) | 0.012 | 0.15 |
 No | 184 (82.4) |  |  | 44 (43.1) |  |  |
Duration in years | ||||||
< 10 years | 92 (80.0) | 0.041 | 0.15 | 36 (31.3) | 0.097 |  |
10–19 years | 59 (72.9) |  |  | 23 (28.4) |  |  |
≥ 20 years | 65 (89.0) |  |  | 32 (43.8) |  |  |
Diabetic distress | ||||||
 Normal, score < 2 | 124 (75.2) | 0.008 | 0.16 | 53 (32.1) | 0.456 |  |
 Any level, score ≥ 2 | 92 (88.5) |  |  | 38 (36.5) |  |  |
Level of HbA1C | ||||||
 Controlled, ≤ 6.5 mmol/L | 66 (81.5) | 0.671 |  | 23 (28.4) | 0.278 |  |
 Uncontrolled, > 6.5 mmol/L | 137 (79.2) |  |  | 61 (35.3) |  |  |
Dyslipidemia | ||||||
 Normal levels | 21 (75.0) | 0.470 |  | 9 (32.1) | 0.853 |  |
 Abnormal levels | 193 (80.8) |  |  | 81 (33.9) |  |  |
Comorbidities | ||||||
 No ophthalmic problems | 89 (76.7) | 0.200 |  | 24 (20.7) | < 0.001 | 0.24 |
 Yes (self-reported) | 127 (83.0) |  |  | 67 (43.8) |  |  |