Table 6 Factors associated with levels of fear of COVID-19 among study sample (based on FCV-19S score) (Na = 415)
From: Coping strategies to overcome psychological distress and fear during COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait
Characteristics | Low (score 7–21), n(%) | High (score 22–35), n(%) | Unadjusted analyses PV (PR: 95% CI) | Adjusted analysis PV (APR: 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||
 18–29 years | 115 (87.1) | 17 (12.9) | 1 | 1 |
 30–59 years | 155 (77.1) | 46 (22.9) | 0.027 (1.777: 1.066, 2.963) | 0.177 (1.428: 0.852, 2.396) |
 60+ years | 11 (91.7) | 1 (8.3) | 0.658 (0.647: 0.094, 4.450) | 0.397 (0.381: 0.041, 3.562) |
Gender | ||||
 Male | 136 (88.9) | 17 (11.1) | 1 | 1 |
 Female | 209 (79.8) | 53 (20.2) | 0.021 (1.821: 1.095, 3.028) | 0.346 (1.430: 0.680, 3.009) |
Living status | ||||
 Live without family members (on your own/shared house/others) | 41 (87.2) | 6 (12.8) | 1 | 1 |
 Live with family members (partner and/or children) | 304 (82.6) | 64 (17.4) | 0.437 (1.362: 0.625, 2.971) | 0.339 (1.70: 0.573, 5.046) |
Born in same country of residence | ||||
 No | 103 (74.1) | 36 (25.9) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 240 (87.6) | 34 (12.4) | 0.001 (0.479: 0.314, 0.731) | 0.025 (0.547: 0.323, 0.926) |
Completed level of education | ||||
 Grade 1–12 | 32 (88.9) | 4 (11.1) | 1 | 1 |
 Trade/certificate/diploma | 64 (86.5) | 10 (13.5) | 0.725 (1.216: 0.409, 3.614) | 0.951 (1.033: 0.374, 2.851) |
 Bachelor and above | 249 (81.9) | 55 (18.1) | 0.317 (1.628: 0.627, 4.229) | 0.628 (1.238: 0.522, 2.935) |
Current employment condition | ||||
 Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/ afraid of job loss) | 272 (83.7) | 53 (16.3) | 1 | 1 |
 Have an income source (employed/government benefits) | 66 (80.5) | 16 (19.5) | 0.485 (1.197: 0.723, 1.980) | 0.012 (2.441: 1.218, 4.893) |
Perceived distress due to change of employment status | ||||
 A little to none | 242 (83.2) | 49 (16.8) | 1 | 1 |
 Moderate to a great deal | 99 (83.2) | 20 (16.8) | 0.994 (0.998: 0.621, 1.604) | 0.598 (0.869: 0.516, 1.464) |
Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker | ||||
 No | 210 (85.7) | 35 (14.3) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 135 (79.4) | 35 (20.6) | 0.092 (1.441: 0.942, 2.206) | 0.065 (1.663: 0.969, 2.855) |
COVID-19 impacted financial situation | ||||
 No | 186 (82.7) | 39 (17.3) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 159 (83.7) | 31 (16.3) | 0.783 (0.941: 0.612, 1.447) | 0.020 (0.566: 0.350, 0.915) |
Co-morbiditiesb | ||||
 No | 247 (89.5) | 29 (10.5) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 98 (70.5) | 41 (29.5) | 0.001 (2.807: 1.827, 4.314) | 0.001 (2.918: 1.721, 4.948) |
Smoking Status | ||||
 Never smoker | 260 (82.5) | 55 (17.5) | 1 | 1 |
 Ever smoker | 85 (85.0) | 15 (15.0) | 0.571 (0.859: 0.508, 1.452) | 0.678 (0.856: 0.412, 1.782) |
Current use of alcohol (last 4 weeks) | ||||
 No | 327 (82.8) | 68 (17.2) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 14 (87.5) | 2 (12.5) | 0.633 (0.726: 0.195, 2.703) | 0.951 (0.966: 0.323, 2.892) |
Provided care to a family member/patient with known/suspected case of COVID-19 | ||||
 No | 229 (85.4) | 39 (14.6) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 112 (80.0) | 28 (20.0) | 0.157 (1.374: 0.885, 2.135) | 0.528 (1.217: 0.661, 2.242) |
Experience related to COVID-19 | ||||
 No known exposure to COVID-19 | 229 (87.4) | 33 (12.6) | 1 | 1 |
 Tested positive to COVID-19 | 32 (82.1) | 7 (17.9) | 0.350 (1.425: 0.678, 2.996) | 0.470 (1.435: 0.539, 3.821) |
 Tested negative to COVID-19 | 57 (71.3) | 23 (28.7) | 0.001 (2.283: 1.427, 3.652) | 0.040 (1.848: 1.028, 3.32) |
 Recent overseas travel and was in quarantine | 22 (78.6) | 6 (21.4) | 0.180 (1.701: 0.782, 3.703) | 0.564 (1.370: 0.470, 3.997) |
Self-identification as patient/use of health services use in last 4 weeks | ||||
 No | 226 (86.9) | 34 (13.1) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 117 (76.5) | 36 (23.5) | 0.007 (1.799: 1.177, 2.750) | 0.737 (1.103: 0.622, 1.955) |
Mental health perception | ||||
 Poor–fair | 78 (72.2) | 30 (27.8) | 1 | 1 |
 Good−excellent | 267 (87.0) | 40 (13.0) | 0.001 (0.469: 0.308, 0.714) | 0.202 (0.719: 0.432, 1.194) |
Level psychological distress (K10 categories) | ||||
 Low (score 10−15) | 124 (94.7) | 7 (5.3) | 1 | 1 |
 Medium to very high (score 16–50) | 221 (77.8) | 63 (22.2) | 0.001 (4.151: 1.955, 8.814) | 0.027 (2.60: 1.117, 6.049) |
Level of coping (BRCS categories) | ||||
 Low resilient (score 4–13) | 147 (81.2) | 34 (18.8) | 1 | 1 |
 Medium−high resilient (score 14–20) | 198 (84.6) | 36 (15.4) | 0.359 (0.819: 0.535, 1.255) | 0.692 (1.10: 0.687, 1.762) |
Health care service use to overcome COVID-19-related stress in last 6 months | ||||
 No | 312 (85.0) | 55 (15.0) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 29 (69.0) | 13 (31.0) | 0.006 (2.065: 1.236, 3.451) | 0.14 (1.634: 0.851,3.139) |