From: Coping strategies to overcome psychological distress and fear during COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait
Characteristics | Low (Score 10–15), n(%) | Moderate to Very High (Score 16–50), n(%) | Unadjusted analyses PV (PR: 95% CI) | Adjusted analysis PV (APR: 95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | ||||
 18–29 years | 30 (22.7) | 102 (77.3) | 1 | 1 |
 30–59 years | 73 (36.3) | 128 (63.7) | 0.007 (0.824: 0.717, 0.947) | 0.008 (0.80: 0.677, 0.945) |
 60+ years | 7 (58.3) | 5 (41.7) | 0.073 (0.539: 0.274, 1.060) | 0.043 (0.492: 0.247, 0.979) |
Gender | ||||
 Male | 60 (39.2) | 93 (60.8) | 1 | 1 |
 Female | 71 (27.1) | 191 (72.9) | 0.015 (1.199: 1.035, 1.389) | 0.65 (1.053: 0.843, 1.314) |
Living status | ||||
 Live without family members (on your own/shared house/others) | 23 (48.9) | 24 (51.1) | 1 | 1 |
 Live with family members (partner and/or children) | 108 (29.3) | 260 (70.7) | 0.027 (1.384: 1.038, 1.844) | 0.158 (1.297: 0.904, 1.86) |
Born in same country of residence | ||||
 No | 47 (33.8) | 92 (66.2) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 83 (30.3) | 191 (69.7) | 0.475 (1.053: 0.914, 1.214) | 0.936 (0.992: 0.81, 1.214) |
Completed level of education | ||||
 Grade 1–12 | 10 (27.8) | 26 (72.2) | 1 | 1 |
 Trade/Certificate/Diploma | 21 (28.4) | 53 (71.6) | 0.947 (0.992: 0.774, 1.271) | 0.375 (0.864: 0.624, 1.194) |
 Bachelor and above | 100 (32.9) | 204 (67.1) | 0.508 (0.929: 0.748, 1.155) | 0.464 (0.888: 0.646, 1.221) |
Current employment condition | ||||
 Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/ afraid of job loss) | 113 (34.8) | 212 (65.2) | 1 | 1 |
 Have an income source (employed/Government benefits) | 17 (20.7) | 65 (79.3) | 0.005 (1.215: 1.060, 1.393) | 0.118 (1.191: 0.957, 1.483) |
Perceived distress due to change of employment status | ||||
 A little to none | 97 (33.3) | 194 (66.7) | 1 | 1 |
 Moderate to a great deal | 33 (27.7) | 86 (72.3) | 0.251 (1.084: 0.944, 1.244) | 0.391 (1.074: 0.912, 1.265) |
Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker | ||||
 No | 75 (30.6) | 170 (69.4) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 56 (32.9) | 114 (67.1) | 0.618 (0.966: 0.845, 1.105) | 0.391 (1.074: 0.912, 1.265) |
COVID-19 impacted financial situation | ||||
 No | 83 (36.9) | 142 (63.1) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 48 (25.3) | 142 (74.7) | 0.011 (1.184: 1.040, 1.348) | 0.616 (1.049: 0.871, 1.262) |
Co-morbiditiesb | ||||
 No | 98 (35.5) | 178 (64.5) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 33 (23.7) | 106 (76.3) | 0.010 (1.182: 1.041, 1.343) | 0.315 (1.095: 0.917, 1.307) |
Smoking Status | ||||
 Never smoker | 98 (31.1) | 217 (68.9) | 1 | 1 |
 Ever smoker | 33 (33.0) | 67 (67.0) | 0.727 (0.973: 0.832, 1.14) | 0.596 (0.942: 0.754, 1.176) |
Current use of alcohol | ||||
 No | 123 (31.1) | 272 (68.9) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 7 (43.8) | 9 (56.3) | 0.364 (0.817: 0.528, 1.265) | 0.529 (0.820: 0.441, 1.524) |
Provided care to a family member/patient with known/suspected case of COVID-19 | ||||
 No | 86 (32.1) | 182 (67.9) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 43 (30.7) | 97 (69.3) | 0.775 (1.020: 0.889, 1.171) | 0.507 (0.934: 0.764, 1.142) |
Experience related to COVID-19 | ||||
 No known exposure to COVID-19 | 89 (34.0) | 173 (66.0) | 1 | 1 |
 Tested positive to COVID-19 | 9 (23.1) | 30 (76.9) | 0.120 (1.165: 0.961, 1.412) | 0.504 (1.096: 0.838, 1.433) |
 Tested negative to COVID-19 | 20 (25.0) | 60 (75.0) | 0.104 (1.136: 0.974, 1.324) | 0.023 (1.262: 1.033, 1.542) |
 Recent overseas travel and was in quarantine | 11 (39.3) | 67 (60.7) | 0.596 (0.919: 0.674, 1.254) | 0.329 (0.839: 0.589, 1.194) |
Self-identification as patient/ use of health services use in last 4 weeks | ||||
 No | 96 (36.9) | 164 (63.1) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 33 (21.6) | 120 (78.4) | 0.001 (1.243: 1.098, 1.409) | 0.004 (1.288: 1.084, 1.530) |
Mental health perception | ||||
 Poor – fair | 4 (3.7) | 104 (96.3) | 1 | 1 |
 Good - excellent | 127 (41.4) | 180 (58.6) | 0.001 (0.609: 0.550, 0.674) | 0.001 (0.68: 0.597, 0.775) |
Level of fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S categories) | ||||
 Low (score 7–21) | 124 (35.9) | 221 (64.1) | 1 | 1 |
 High (score 22–35) | 7 (10.0) | 63 (90) | 0.001 (1.405: 1.257, 1.570) | 0.025 (1.22: 1.025, 1.453) |
Level of coping (BRCS categories) | ||||
 Low resilient (score 4–13) | 44 (24.3) | 137 (75.7) | 1 | 1 |
 Medium - high resilient (score 14–20) | 87 (37.2) | 147 (62.8) | 0.004 (0.830: 0.730, 0.944) | 0.458 (0.940: 0.798, 1.107) |
Health care service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in last 6 months | ||||
 No | 121 (33.0) | 246 (67.0) | 1 | 1 |
 Yes | 8 (19.0) | 34 (81.0) | 0.024 (1.208: 1.026, 1.422) | 0.632 (0.948: 0.764, 1.178) |