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Table 5 Factors associated with high psychological distress among study sample (based on K10 score) (Na = 415)

From: Coping strategies to overcome psychological distress and fear during COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait

Characteristics

Low (Score 10–15), n(%)

Moderate to Very High (Score 16–50), n(%)

Unadjusted analyses

PV (PR: 95% CI)

Adjusted analysis

PV (APR: 95% CI)

Age group

 18–29 years

30 (22.7)

102 (77.3)

1

1

 30–59 years

73 (36.3)

128 (63.7)

0.007 (0.824: 0.717, 0.947)

0.008 (0.80: 0.677, 0.945)

 60+ years

7 (58.3)

5 (41.7)

0.073 (0.539: 0.274, 1.060)

0.043 (0.492: 0.247, 0.979)

Gender

 Male

60 (39.2)

93 (60.8)

1

1

 Female

71 (27.1)

191 (72.9)

0.015 (1.199: 1.035, 1.389)

0.65 (1.053: 0.843, 1.314)

Living status

 Live without family members (on your own/shared house/others)

23 (48.9)

24 (51.1)

1

1

 Live with family members (partner and/or children)

108 (29.3)

260 (70.7)

0.027 (1.384: 1.038, 1.844)

0.158 (1.297: 0.904, 1.86)

Born in same country of residence

 No

47 (33.8)

92 (66.2)

1

1

 Yes

83 (30.3)

191 (69.7)

0.475 (1.053: 0.914, 1.214)

0.936 (0.992: 0.81, 1.214)

Completed level of education

 Grade 1–12

10 (27.8)

26 (72.2)

1

1

 Trade/Certificate/Diploma

21 (28.4)

53 (71.6)

0.947 (0.992: 0.774, 1.271)

0.375 (0.864: 0.624, 1.194)

 Bachelor and above

100 (32.9)

204 (67.1)

0.508 (0.929: 0.748, 1.155)

0.464 (0.888: 0.646, 1.221)

Current employment condition

 Jobs affected by COVID-19 (lost job/working hours reduced/ afraid of job loss)

113 (34.8)

212 (65.2)

1

1

 Have an income source (employed/Government benefits)

17 (20.7)

65 (79.3)

0.005 (1.215: 1.060, 1.393)

0.118 (1.191: 0.957, 1.483)

Perceived distress due to change of employment status

 A little to none

97 (33.3)

194 (66.7)

1

1

 Moderate to a great deal

33 (27.7)

86 (72.3)

0.251 (1.084: 0.944, 1.244)

0.391 (1.074: 0.912, 1.265)

Self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker

 No

75 (30.6)

170 (69.4)

1

1

 Yes

56 (32.9)

114 (67.1)

0.618 (0.966: 0.845, 1.105)

0.391 (1.074: 0.912, 1.265)

COVID-19 impacted financial situation

 No

83 (36.9)

142 (63.1)

1

1

 Yes

48 (25.3)

142 (74.7)

0.011 (1.184: 1.040, 1.348)

0.616 (1.049: 0.871, 1.262)

Co-morbiditiesb

 No

98 (35.5)

178 (64.5)

1

1

 Yes

33 (23.7)

106 (76.3)

0.010 (1.182: 1.041, 1.343)

0.315 (1.095: 0.917, 1.307)

Smoking Status

 Never smoker

98 (31.1)

217 (68.9)

1

1

 Ever smoker

33 (33.0)

67 (67.0)

0.727 (0.973: 0.832, 1.14)

0.596 (0.942: 0.754, 1.176)

Current use of alcohol

 No

123 (31.1)

272 (68.9)

1

1

 Yes

7 (43.8)

9 (56.3)

0.364 (0.817: 0.528, 1.265)

0.529 (0.820: 0.441, 1.524)

Provided care to a family member/patient with known/suspected case of COVID-19

 No

86 (32.1)

182 (67.9)

1

1

 Yes

43 (30.7)

97 (69.3)

0.775 (1.020: 0.889, 1.171)

0.507 (0.934: 0.764, 1.142)

Experience related to COVID-19

 No known exposure to COVID-19

89 (34.0)

173 (66.0)

1

1

 Tested positive to COVID-19

9 (23.1)

30 (76.9)

0.120 (1.165: 0.961, 1.412)

0.504 (1.096: 0.838, 1.433)

 Tested negative to COVID-19

20 (25.0)

60 (75.0)

0.104 (1.136: 0.974, 1.324)

0.023 (1.262: 1.033, 1.542)

 Recent overseas travel and was in quarantine

11 (39.3)

67 (60.7)

0.596 (0.919: 0.674, 1.254)

0.329 (0.839: 0.589, 1.194)

Self-identification as patient/ use of health services use in last 4 weeks

 No

96 (36.9)

164 (63.1)

1

1

 Yes

33 (21.6)

120 (78.4)

0.001 (1.243: 1.098, 1.409)

0.004 (1.288: 1.084, 1.530)

Mental health perception

 Poor – fair

4 (3.7)

104 (96.3)

1

1

 Good - excellent

127 (41.4)

180 (58.6)

0.001 (0.609: 0.550, 0.674)

0.001 (0.68: 0.597, 0.775)

Level of fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19S categories)

 Low (score 7–21)

124 (35.9)

221 (64.1)

1

1

 High (score 22–35)

7 (10.0)

63 (90)

0.001 (1.405: 1.257, 1.570)

0.025 (1.22: 1.025, 1.453)

Level of coping (BRCS categories)

 Low resilient (score 4–13)

44 (24.3)

137 (75.7)

1

1

 Medium - high resilient (score 14–20)

87 (37.2)

147 (62.8)

0.004 (0.830: 0.730, 0.944)

0.458 (0.940: 0.798, 1.107)

Health care service use to overcome COVID-19 related stress in last 6 months

 No

121 (33.0)

246 (67.0)

1

1

 Yes

8 (19.0)

34 (81.0)

0.024 (1.208: 1.026, 1.422)

0.632 (0.948: 0.764, 1.178)

  1. PV probability value, PR prevalence ratio, APR adjusted prevalence ratio
  2. aSome values are missing
  3. bCardiac diseases/stroke/hypertension/hyperlipidaemia/diabetes/cancer/chronic respiratory illness