Table 1 Summary of studies, sample characteristics, assessment tools, prevalence rates, and associated risk factors
From: Risk factors for mental health in general population during SARS-COV2 pandemic: a systematic review
Lead author/year | Country | Sample size (n) | Sample characteristics | Assessment tool | Prevalence of the disorder (% or MeanScore) | Risk factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhou et al. 2020a [20] | China | 8079 | (range 12–18) M = 16 (years) Sex (f/m): 4326/3753 | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | Anxiety: 43.7% Depression: 37.4% | Gender, living area, education level |
Chen et al. 2020 [21] | China | 1036 | Sex (f/m): 505/531 | SCARED DSRS-C | Anxiety: 18.92% Depression: 11.78% | Gender, age group, education level |
Islam et al. 2020 [22] | Bangladesh | 476 | Sex (f/m): 156/320 | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | Anxiety: 87.7% Depression: 82.4% | Gender, age, lagging academically, living area, housing status |
Rudenstine et al. 2021 [23] | USA | 1821 | (range 18–77) M = 26.17 (years) Sex (f/m): 1301/ 493 | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | Anxiety: 41.3% Depression: 50.3% | Gender, age, education level, ethnicity, marital status, household income, COVID-19 stressors |
Fawaz et al. 2021 [24] | Lebanon | 520 | (range 18–36) M = 21.03 ± 2.66) (years ± SD) Sex (f/m): 319/201 | DASS‐21 | Anxiety: 7.25(± 4.74) Depression: 7.67 (± 5.58) | Gender |
Zhang et al. 2020c [25] | China | 1018 | M = 16.61 ± 1.06 (years ± SD) | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | Anxiety: 31.4% Depression: 52.4% | Gender, education level |
Hammarberg et al. 2020 [26] | Australia | 13,762 | Sex(f/m): 10,434/3328 | GAD-7 PHQ-9 | Anxiety: 20.0% Depression: 24.8% | Gender |
Debowska et al. 2020 [27] | Poland | 7228 | M = 22.78 ± 4.40 (years ± SD) Sex (f/m): 5855/1373 | DASS‐21 | / | Gender |
Fitzpatrick et al. 2020 [28] | USA | 10,368 | Age:18 and over Sex (f/m): 5290/5.078 | CES‐D | Depression: 16.94 | Gender, race, Hispanic origin |
Bartoszek et al. 2020 [29] | Poland | 471 | (range 18–74) M = 25.5 ± 2.1 (years ± SD) Sex (f/m): 403/68 | BDI ISI R-UCLA | Depression: 14.16 Insomnia: 15.58 | Gender |
Bigalke et al. 2020 [30] | USA | 103 | (range 18–68) M = 38 ± 1(years ± SD) Sex (f/m): 61/ 42 | STAI PSQI ESS ISI CEDS | Anxiety 41 ± 1 Sleep disorders 7 ± 0 (psqi)/5 ± 0 (ess) Insomnia 7 ± 0 Depression 11 ± 1 | Gender |
Voitsidis et al. 2020 [31] | Greece | 2427 | (range 18–30) Sex (f/m): 1800/563 | AIS | Insomnia: 37.6% | Gender, living area |
Zhou et al. 2020b [32] | China | 11,835 | (range 12–29) Sex (f/m): 6826/5009 | PSQI PHQ-9 GAD-7 | Anxiety: 44.40% Depression: 44.80% | Gender, age, education level, living area |
China | 6437 | M = 31.40 ± 13.49 (years ± SD) Sex (f/m): 3613/2824 | PSQI | Sleep disorders: 17.65% | Gender, age | |
Barrea et al. 2020 [34] | Italy | 121 | M = 44.9 ± 13.3 (years ± SD) Sex (f/m): 78/43 | PSQI | Sleep disorders: pre 6.37 ± 3.96 post 8.64 ± 3.73 | Gender |
Qiu et al. 2020 [35] | China | 52,730 | (range18–60) Sex (f/m): 34,131/18599 | COVID-19 PDI | Peritraumatic distress: 23.65 ± 15.45 Psychological distress: 35% | Gender, age, education level |
Liang et al. 2020 [36] | China | 570 | (range14–35) Sex (f/m): 365/205 | PCL-C GHQ-12 SCSQ | PTSD: 12.8% | Coping style |
USA | 898 | (range 18–30) Sex (f/m): 81.30%/14.1% | PCL-C GAD-7 PHQ-8 | Depression: 43.3% Anxiety: 45.4% PTSD: 31.8% | Gender, age, loneliness, distress tolerance | |
Di Crosta et al. 2020 [38] | Italy | 1253 | (range18–64) Sex (f/m): 808/445 | IES-R | PTSD: 35.59% | Gender, education level, COVID-19 stressors |
Tang et al. 2020 [39] | China | 2485 | (range 16–27) Sex (f/m): 1525/960 | PCL-C PHQ-9 | PTSD: 2.7% Depression: 9.0% | Age, education level, COVID-19 stressors |
Zhang et al. 2020b [25] | China | 263 | M = 37.7 ± 14 (years ± SD) Sex (f/m): 157/106 | IES | Traumatic stress: 13.6 ± 7.7 | No sociodemographic variable |
Passavanti et al. 2021 [40] | Australia, China, Ecuador, Iran, Italy, Norway, USA | 1612 | M = 28 ± 9.36 (years ± SD) Sex (f/m): 968/644 | IES-R PSS10 DASS-21 PHQ-9 | PTSD: Iran M = 41.75, SE = 2.24; Perceived stress: Italy M = 21.14, SE = 0.76 Depression: Italy M = 18.49, SE = 1.23; Anxiety: Ecuador M = 13.39, SE = 1.36; Stress: Italy M = 20.60, SE = 1.32 Depression: Italy M = 10.44, SE = 0.78 | Gender, type of housing, coping style, COVID-19 stressors |
Abba-Aji et al. 2020 [41] | Canada | 6041 | Mage: 42 years Age range: 11–88 years Sex(f/m):5185/740 | BOCS | Obsessions: 60.3% Compulsions: 53.8% | Gender, age, education level |
Ji et al. 2020 [42] | China | Survay1: 13,478 Survay2: 8467 Survay3: 8816 | Range: 17–50 years -Survey 1-sex (f/m):8816/4662 -Survay2-sex (f/m):5476/2991 -survay3-sex (f/m):5703/3113 | Y-BOCS | Ocd: Survey1: 11.3% Survey2: 3.6% Survey3: 3.5% | Gender, age, COVID stressors |
Darvishi et al. 2020 [43] | Iran | 150 | Range: 13–19 years Sex (f/m): 97/53 | MOCI | OCD: 67.3% | Gender |