Table 1 Association between students’ characteristics and depressive symptoms

Mean age

21.27 ± 1.9

21.13 ± 1.9

21.36 ± 1.9

 = 0.075

Sex

  ▪ Male

338 (44.1%)

173 (51.2%)

165 (48.8%)

 = 0.033

  ▪ Female

428 (55.9%)

252 (58.9%)

176 (41.1%)

Marital status

  ▪ Single

763 (99.6%)

423 (55.4%)

340 (44.6%)

 = 0.696

  ▪ Married

3 (0.4%)

2 (66.7%)

1 (33.3%)

Living during study

  ▪ With family

336 (43.9%)

183 (54.5%)

153 (45.5%)

 = 0.327

  ▪ Dormitory

242 (31.6%)

129 (53.3%)

113 (46.7%)

  ▪ Apartment alone\friend

188 (24.5%)

113 (60.1%)

75 (39.9%)

Family residence

  ▪ Urban

432 (56.4%)

236 (54.6%)

196 (45.4%)

 = 0.589

  ▪ Rural

334 (43.6%)

189 (56.6%)

145 (43.4%)

Academic year

  ▪ Academic (1st 3 years)

386 (50.4%)

225 (58.3%)

161(41.7%)

 = 0.115

  ▪ Clinical (last 3 years)

380 (49.6%)

200 (52.6%)

180 (47.4%)

Grade ^c

N = 621

N = 337

N = 284

  ▪ Excellent/very good/good

586 (94.4%)

311 (53.1%)

275 (46.9%)

 = 0.014

  ▪ Accept/pass/failed

35 (5.6%)

26 (74.3%)

9 (25.7%)

Father education

  ▪ Sec. education or below

235 (30.7%)

131 (55.7%)

104 (44.3%)

 = 0.923

  ▪ University and above

531(69.3%)

294 (55.4%)

237 (44.6%)

Father occupation ^a

N = 731

N = 405

N = 326

  ▪ Farmer/unskilled/skilled worker

78 (10.7%)

46 (59.0%)

32 (41.0%)

 = 0.234

  ▪ Professional

358 (49.0%)

184 (51.4%)

174 (48.6%)

  ▪ Employee

175 (23.9%)

105 (60.0%)

70 (40.0%)

  ▪ Retired/not working/died

120 (16.4%)

70 (58.3%)

50 (41.7%)

Mother education

  ▪ Sec. education or below

330 (43.1%)

185 (56.1%)

145 (43.9%)

 = 0.780

  ▪ University and above

436 (56.9%)

240 (55.0%)

196 (45.0%)

Mother occupation ^b

N = 765

N = 424

N = 341

  ▪ Professional work

330 (43.1%)

178 (53.9%)

152 (46.1%)

 = 0.463

  ▪ Employee

107 (14.0%)

56 (52.3%)

51 (47.7%)

  ▪ Housewife/retied

328 (42.9%)

190 (57.9%)

138 (42.1%)

Socio-economic status

5.96 ± 2.5

5.73 ± 2.46

6.22 ± 2.5

 = 0.002