Study | Type of study | Region of Asia | Country | Sample size | Specific demographic factors | Effect size/odds ratio/percentage | Main findings | Associated factors | Strengths and limitations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peltzer et al., 2017 [33] | Cross-sectional survey | Southeast Asia | Indonesia Cambodia Malaysia Thailand Myanmar Vietnam | N = 4,675 | Undergraduate university students Suicide ideation Total 546 Male 227 Female 319 Suicide attempt Total 116 Male 38 Female 78 | Suicide ideation Total 11.7% Male 11.8% Female 11.6% Suicide attempt Total 2.4% Male 2.0% Female 2.8% | Suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts | Childhood emotional abuse Childhood physical abuse Childhood sexual abuse | Strength • Large sample Limitations • Self-reported variables • Limited ability to establish causality • Generalizability |
Hagaman et al., 2017 [8] | Mixed psychological autopsy case-series method (MPAC) | Southeast Asia | Nepal | Total (N = 39) | Religion: Hindu, Buddhist, other Female n = 18 Male n = 21 | Abuse and neglect Females n = 11 (61.1%) Interpersonal conflict M/F = 22 (56.4%) | Completed suicides | Physical abuse Emotional abuse Neglect Interpersonal conflicts | Limitations • Recall bias • Generalizability • The stigma associated with mental health |
Dahmardehei et al., 2014 [28] | Cross-sectional and retrospective study | Middle East Asia | Iran | N = 750 | Female/homemakers majority | Physical/verbal violence N = 230 (73.25) | Self-immolation | Lack of training Lack of supporting programmes Poor economic status Interpersonal disputes Domestic violence | Limitations • Loss to follow-up • Lack of self-immolation reason study |
Kim et al., 2021 [29] | Cross-sectional descriptive design | East Asia | South Korea | N = 5,154 | Females Pre/postmenopausal women | Suicidal ideation (premenopausal women) N = 24 Suicidal ideation (postmenopausal women) N = 22 | Suicidal ideation | Mental problems, decreased happiness, anger, depression, stress, anxiety | Limitations • Generalizability • We need to identify factors that affect suicide in the long term • Secondary data analysis |
Bandara et al., 2020 [27] | Case-control study | Southeast Asia | Sri Lanka | N = 291 | Buddhists, Muslims, Hindus females/males | Domestic violence in females N = 77 (50.0%) Domestic violence in males N = 49 (35.8%) | Self-poisoning | Fear, mental problems | Strength • Quantifies DV and self-poisoning • Differentiates the types of violence • Studies of DV in males Limitations • Selection bias • Recall bias |
Hagaman et al., 2017 [8] | Case-series study | Southeast Asia | Nepal | N = 39 | Buddhists, Hindus, other females/males | Physical abuse Females N = 11 (61.1%) Males N = 1 (4.8%) | Suicide | Limitations • Respondent bias • Misclassification • Recall bias • Underreporting | |
Jewkes et al., 2019 [23] | Randomised controlled trial (RCT) | Southeast Asia | Afghanistan | N = 932 | Married women, Muslim | Overall, 6.3% Ranged from MIL/SIL = 9.6% to BOTH = 41.3% | Suicidal ideation | Depression, PTSD, poor health, beat their kids | Limitations • Focused only on physical violence • Underreporting possibility |
Naved et al., 2008 [21] | Cross-sectional survey | Southeast Asia | Bangladesh | N = 2,702 (1329 rural, 1373 urban) | Bangladeshi women aged 15–49 years | Exposed to physical violence -Moderate physical violence • Rural = 2.9 • Urban = 4.1 -Severe physical violence • Rural = 17.8 • Urban = 14.5 Exposed to sexual violence • Rural = 8.7 • Urban = 9.7 Exposed to emotional violence • Rural = 13.5 • Urban = 10.8 | Suicidal ideation | Limitations • Regional variation • Suicidal ideation before the 4-week study period was excluded Strengths • Explored the association between three different forms of spousal violence against women and suicidal ideation | |
Paiman et al., 2019 [24] | Case-control study | Southeast Asia | Afghanistan | Cases N = 185 Control N = 555 | Muslim Afghans were aged 16–58 years | Domestic violence n = 135 (73%) | Deliberate self-harm | Anxiety Depression | Limitations • Possible underreporting • Exclusion of other types of violence • Exaggeration in ill patients with severe pain Strengths • Case-control study • Large sample size • Structured questionnaire |
Indu et al., 2020 [19] | Case-control study | Southeast Asia | (South) India | Cases N = 77 Control N = 153 | Married women aged 15–45 years | Domestic violence n = 28 (36.4%) | Attempted suicide | Limitations • Limited to women of reproductive age group • Generalizability • Measurement bias Strengths • Case-control study • Steps to decrease selection/measurement bias • Multivariant analysis • Exclusion of MDD | |
Antai et al., 2014 [30] | Cross-sectional survey | Southeast Asia | Philippines | N = 2433 | Women aged 15–49 years | Physical abuse = 93 (47%) Psychological abuse = 96 (49%) Sexual assault = 49 (25%) | Attempted suicide | Psychological distress | Limitation • Recall bias • Underreporting Strengths • Found a strong association between economic, physical, and psychological abuse and suicide attempts as well as psychological distress |
Chowdhury et al., 2009 [17] | Prospective study | Southeast Asia | India (West Bengal) | N = 89 | 23 males 66 females | Verbal abuse • Abuse/slang words N = 53 • Defaming N = 15 Physical abuse • Beating n = 25 • Burn n = 4 • Suffocation n = 2 • Restraint n = 2 Psychological abuse • Threat n = 22 • Humiliation n = 25 • Mock execution n = 5 | Deliberate self-harm | Depression Psychosomatic dysfunctions. | Limitation • Unwilling participation • Underreporting • Generalizability |
Wu et al., 2018 [34] | Cross-sectional online survey | East Asia | China | N = 78 | Female, the average age was 32.63 years | Suicidal ideation (rs = −0.43, p < .01) Suicide attempts (rs = −0.23, p < .01) | Suicidal ideation and attempted suicide | Limitation • Small sample size • Generalizability • A limited number of suicide predictors Strengths • New strategies to prevent suicide • Study shows higher suicide ideations and attempts in IVP | |
Shah et al., 2017 [22] | Cross-sectional study | Southeast Asia | Bangladesh | N = 271 | Majority of females aged < 30 years | N = 6 (2.2%) | Suicide | Limitations • Small sample size Strengths • First paper content analysis on suicide in Bangladesh | |
Gururaj et al., 2010 [18] | Case-control study | Southeast Asia | India | N = case 269 + control 269 | Male to female ratio 2:1 Age 11–70 | Cases = 97 Control + 21 (OR 6.82) | Suicide | ||
Yanqiu et al., 2011 [26] | Cross-sectional study | East Asia | China | N = 1771 | Poorly educated women Mean age 42.1 years (SD = 10.2) | Physical assault n = 34% Psychological aggression n = 68% Sexual coercion = 4% Lifetime suicidal ideation N = 15.9% Suicidal ideation preceding week n = 3.3% | Suicidal ideation | Limitations • Generalizability • Underreporting | |
Sharma et al., 2019 [20] | Cross-sectional study (quantitative and qualitative) | Southeast Asia | India | N = 827 | Ever-married women from Delhi The average age of the women was 37.1 ± 9.72 (15–60) years | Exposure to violence lifetime and past 12 months: psychological 43.4% and 37.6%, physical 27.2% and 19.3%, sexual 26.4% and 20.3%, any form of violence 43.4% and 37.8% Suicidal thoughts 21 (2.5%) in the past 4 weeks 8.2% ever in life Attempted suicide 7 (0.8%) | Suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide | A quarter of the women (25.3%) reported unhealthy mental status in the past 4 weeks | Limitations • Self-reporting may have led to recall bias and underreporting |
Devries et al., 2011 [9] | Cross-sectional household survey | South America Africa Asia Oceania Europe | Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Samoa, Serbia, Thailand, and Tanzania | N = 20967 | Women aged 15–49 years | Thailand province n = 1140 IPV = 2.16 with CI 95% (1.15, 4.06) Thailand city IPV = 2.30 with CI 95% (1.29, 4.10) | Suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide | Limitations • Underreporting possibility • Completed suicide excluded • Limited statistical power • Universal vs site-specific models | |
Asian communities outside Asia | |||||||||
Chew-Graham et al., 2002 [31] | Qualitative study | Europe | UK | Four groups (5 + 7 + 7 + 12) N = 31 | Religion: Muslim Females of Southeast Asian origin | Self-harm and attempted suicide | Gender and racial discrimination, increased isolation Mental distress | Strength • Concordant ethnicity of the worker and group Limitations • Generalizability |