Table 4 Mean scores of mindfulness as reported by emergency nursing students throughout study phases (n = 160)

Observing

9.63 ± 3.13

11.30 ± 2.34

5.958

< 0.001**

Describing

9.50 ± 2.84

11.21 ± 2.61

5.370

< 0.001**

Acting with awareness

9.83 ± 2.98

11.31 ± 3.45

4.329

< 0.001**

Non-judging

9.10 ± 2.62

9.34 ± 3.06

0.816

0.415 NS

Non-reactivity

8.75 ± 2.44

10.28 ± 2.59

6.487

< 0.001**

Total mean score

46.81 ± 8.62

53.44 ± 7.39

7.147

< 0.001**

Median

46.5 (29–70)

54 (36–66)