Table 3 Supernatural Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ) and relationship of these beliefs with DUP and number of contacts prior to seeing a psychiatrist
From: Pathways to care and supernatural beliefs among patients with psychotic disorders in Nepal
Supernatural Attitude Questionnaire | Prevalence of various supernatural beliefs (N = 133) | DUP of patients with the particular belief (no) Mean (SD) | DUP of patients without the particular belief (yes) mean (SD) | Mann-Whitney U test (2-tailed p value) | Number of contacts prior to seeing a psychiatrist in those having the belief | Number of contacts prior to seeing a psychiatrist in those not having the belief | Mann-Whitney U test (2-tailed significance) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Do you believe in JaduTona (black magic)? | 86 (64.7%) | 3.59 (10.41) | 10.53 (20.63) | 1941 (0.71) | 4.14 (6.95) | 2.02 (2.33) | 1941(0.70) |
2. Do you believe in BhutPret (ghosts)? | 73 (54.9%) | 3.81 (11.38) | 8.76 (18.47) | 1876 (0.15) | 4.48 (7.48) | 2.07 (2.14) | 1878 (0.15) |
3. Do you believe in Oparikasar (spirit intrusion)? | 88 (66.2%) | 6.62 (17.71) | 4.90 (8.10) | 1786.5 (0.36) | 4.10 (6.91) | 2.00 (2.16) | 1656.5 (0.117) |
Number of patients with belief in one of the above three | 106 (79.7%) | 6.01 (16.20) | 6.16 (10.23) | 1392 (0.83) | 3.71 (6.35) | 2.15 (2.78) | 1204.5 (0.197) |
4. Do you think that black magic can cause mental illness in a person? | 77 (57.9%) | 4.16 (11.20) | 8.63 (19.11) | 2014 (0.52) | 4.39 (7.29) | 2.02 (2.20) | 1815 (0.114) |
5. Do you think that ghosts can cause mental illness in a person? | 61 (45.9%) | 4.37 (12.56) | 7.46(16.99) | 2164 (0.89) | 5.31 (7.93) | 1.76 (2.08) | 1363 (< 0.001)*** |
6. Do you think that spirit intrusion can cause mental illness in a person? | 77 (57.9%) | 7.42 (18.91) | 4.15(7.07) | 2028 (0.90) | 4.65 (7.23) | 1.66 (2.04) | 1385 (< 0.001)*** |
7. Do you think that mental illness can be caused by Devi Devtaprakop (curse of God or Goddess)? | 76 (57.1%) | 2.89 (3.48) | 10.25 (22.20) | 1943 (0.31) | 4.76 (7.23) | 1.56 (2.04) | 1256 (< 0.001)*** |
8. Do you think that mental illness can be caused by graha-nachhatra (celestial influences)? | 83 (62.4%) | 2.65 (3.61) | 11.68 (23.32) | 1793.5 (0.19) | 4.35 (7.08) | 1.80 (1.95) | 1617 (0.03)* |
9. Do you think that mental illness can be caused by effects of dissatisfied or evil spirit? | 64 (48.1%) | 3.42 (3.89) | 8.47 (20.46) | 1689.5 (0.02)* | 5.20 (7.83) | 1.71 (1.84) | 1492 (0.001)*** |
10. Do you think that one’s mental health can be affected as retribution of a bad deed in previous life? | 82 (61.7%) | 6.36 (15.23) | 5.54 (15.14) | 1460.5 (0.003)** | 4.80 (6.99) | 1.12 (1.51) | 912 (< 0.001)*** |
Number of patients attributing their mental illness to one of the above | 96 (72.2%) | 6.53 (17.02) | 4.77 (8.57) | 1581 (0.33) | 4.09 (6.57) | 1.57 (2.49) | 1080 (< 0.001)*** |
11. Do you think that the patient’s behaviour or abnormal experiences are due to black magic? | 19 (14.3%) | 2.47 (4.30) | 6.64 (16.20) | 730.5 (0.23) | 1.16 (1.17) | 3.76 (6.21) | 692.5 (0.011)* |
12. Do you think that the patient’s behaviour or abnormal experiences are due to ghosts? | 7 (5.3%) | 5.29 (6.28) | 6.09 (15.50) | 433 (0.94) | 1.43 (0.53) | 3.50 (5.98) | 349.5 (0.35) |
13. Do you think that the patient’s behaviour or abnormal experiences are due to spirit intrusion? | 31 (23.3%) | 11.97(23.76) | 4.24 (10.86) | 1398.5 (0.33) | 3.84 (3.45) | 3.25 (6.39) | 1129(0.14) |
14. Do you think that the patient’s behaviour or abnormal experiences are due to wrath of God or Goddess? | 20 (15%) | 4.00 (4.37) | 6.41 (16.31) | 969 (0.31) | 9.35 (12.52) | 2.34 (2.46) | 909.5 (0.158) |
15. Do you think that the patient’s behaviour or abnormal experiences are due to evil spirit? | 19 (14.3%) | 3.44 (4.15) | 6.48 (16.24) | 1036.5 (0.76) | 2.00 (1.20) | 3.62 (6.26) | 1063.5 (0.90) |
16. Do you think that by worship/rituals/black magic, the patient’s behaviour can be changed for the better? | 79 (59.4%) | 6.93 (18.61) | 4.75 (7.67) | 1929 (0.35) | 2.18 (1.87) | 5.17 (8.61) | 2018.5 (0.59) |
17. During the present illness of the patient, did you or any other member of family visit or consult as faith healer? | 110 (82.7%) | 6.08 (15.98) | 5.88 (10.54) | 980 (0.09) | 3.92 (6.26) | 0.87 (1.39) | 616 (< 0.001)*** |
18. Was any worship/ritual/black magic performed during the present illness of the patient with a view to make him better? | 117 (88.0%) | 6.34 (16.05) | 3.89 (4.61) | 914 (0.88) | 3.42 (5.64) | 3.19 (7.31) | 762.5 (0.22) |
19. Does the patient believe in or talk about black magic? | 14 (10.5%) | 7.13 (18.92) | 5.92 (14.73) | 741.5 (0.50) | 2.71 (1.77) | 3.47 (6.14) | 675.5 (0.24) |
20. Does the patient believe in or talk about ghosts? | 89 (66.9%) | 6.87 (15.53) | 4.37 (14.35) | 1703 (0.22) | 2.73 (3.83) | 4.73 (8.47) | 1956.5 (0.99) |
21. Does the patient believe in or talk about spirit intrusion? | 22 (16.5%) | 2,91 (3.99) | 6.66 (16.43) | 1106 (0.49) | 3.59 (6.35) | 3.35 (5.76) | 1213.5 (0.96) |
22. Does the patient believe in or talk about wrath of God or Goddess? | 113 (85%) | 5.99 (15.11) | 6.37 (15.7) | 982.5 (0.35) | 2.74 (4.43) | 7.05 (10.21) | 787.5 (0.03) |
23. Does the patient believe in or talk about celestial influences? | 30 (22.6%) | 2.44 (3.61) | 7.09 (16.97) | 1130 (0.03) | 1.27 (1.86) | 4.0 (6.43) | 902 (< 0.001)*** |
24. Does the patient believe in or talk about dissatisfied or evil spirit? | 16 (12%) | 0.65 (0.83) | 6.78 (16.01) | 386.5 (< 0.001)*** | 1.13 (1.75) | 3.70 (6.13) | 566 (0.01)* |
25. Did he/she talk about or believe in these things even before falling ill? | 18 (13.5%) | 2.25 (3.77) | 6.64 (16.15) | 693.5 (0.02) | 2.56 (6.98) | 3.52 (5.66) | 647.5 (0.001)** |
26. During the present illness, did the patient visit a faith healer or was he/she taken there at his/her request? | 16 (12%) | 4.26 (6.50) | 6.29 (15.97) | 908.5 (0.85) | 3.38 (7.25) | 3.39 (5.65) | 831.5 (0.46) |
27. Do people in your locality and community generally believe in black magic and such influences? | 96 (72.2%) | 5.36 (12.60) | 7.83 (20.43) | 1285 (0.01)* | 4.35 (6.60) | 0.89 (0.99) | 784 (< 0.001)*** |
28. Does the patient belong to any specific or special guru, spiritual or religious sect? | 24 (18%) | 5.07 (5.76) | 6.26 (16.52) | 991 (0.06) | 3.75 (3.53) | 3.31 (6.24) | 968 (0.04)* |