Table 3 Respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics (n = 403) and statistical associations between the CBI subscales

22–35 years

244 (60.5%)

61.4 ± 25.5

59.7 ± 23.4

54.8 ± 27.1

> 35 years

159 (39.5%)

55.0 ± 25.9

52.7 ± 20.7

46.5 ± 23.7

T test

2.388

3.102

3.192

P value

0.025**

0.001**

0.002**

Male

97 (24.1%)

58.4 ± 27.5

55.9 ± 23.4

55.0 ± 23.4

Female

306 (75.9%)

59.0 ± 26.2

57.3 ± 22.4

50.4 ± 26.8

T test

− 0.215

− 0.550

1.513

P value

0.920

0.779

0.131

Saudi

182 (45.2%)

59.4 ± 26.3

57.8 ± 22.6

53.7 ± 25.4

Non-Saudi

221 (54.8%)

58.4 ± 26.7

56.2 ± 22.7

49.8 ± 26.5

T test

0.379

0.703

1.485

P value

0.694

0.222

0.076

Unmarried

173 (42.9%)

60.9 ± 26.1

58.2 ± 23.1

52.8 ± 26.5

Married

230 (57.1%)

57.3 ± 26.7

56.1 ± 22.3

50.6 ± 25.8

T test

1.384

0.922

0.837

P value

0.179

0.313

0.234

Physician

85 (21.1%)

50.6 ± 28.5

47.2 ± 24.1

44.0 ± 25.1

Nurse

318 (78.9%)

61.1 ± 25.5

59.6 ± 21.5

53.6 ± 25.9

T test

− 3.292

− 4.594

− 3.024

P value

0.002**

<0.001**

0.001**

Central region

211 (52.4%)

58.2 ± 24.4

56.7 ± 21.8

52.2 ± 25.6

Northern region

37 (09.2%)

56.1 ± 32.1

49.4 ± 22.4

43.5 ± 29.0

Eastern region

58 (14.4%)

61.2 ± 26.1

61.6 ± 20.2

53.4 ± 25.5

Western region

55 (13.6%)

58.9 ± 29.8

57.3 ± 26.3

50.9 ± 24.8

Southern region

42 (10.4%)

61.7 ± 27.6

57.9 ± 23.9

53.5 ± 27.9

F test

0.371

1.688

1.062

P value

0.881

0.166

0.238

None

46 (11.4%)

54.4 ± 28.0

51.8 ± 21.4

43.7 ± 26.1

1–5

262 (65.0%)

58.6 ± 25.8

56.5 ± 22.6

51.7 ± 26.4

6–10

71 (17.6%)

64.4 ± 24.4

62.2 ± 22.4

57.2 ± 24.1

> 10

24 (06.0%)

54.3 ± 34.8

55.8 ± 24.0

48.6 ± 25.8

F test

1.709

2.152

2.659

P value

0.135

0.031**

0.048**

Service

06 (07.1%)

38.9 ± 20.0

39.9 ± 21.4

37.5 ± 20.6

Resident trainee

30 (35.3%)

58.9 ± 30.5

49.8 ± 26.3

42.6 ± 26.7

Consultant

28 (32.9%)

46.1 ± 28.4

48.1 ± 23.0

45.9 ± 22.2

Specialist

21 (24.7%)

48.0 ± 26.5

44.4 ± 24.1

45.2 ± 29.9

F test

1.497

0.396

0.232

P value

0.271

0.861

0.756

Diploma

39 (12.3%)

52.6 ± 26.4

51.6 ± 15.2

50.7 ± 22.0

Bachelor’s

228 (71.7%)

61.8 ± 25.1

60.5 ± 22.5

53.2 ± 27.2

Masters or PhD

51 (16.1%)

64.7 ± 25.5

61.3 ± 20.2

57.3 ± 23.2

F test

2.805

3.158

0.769

P value

0.020**

0.009**

0.489

≤ 6 years

181 (45%)

62.8 ± 27.0

60.8 ± 24.1

55.8 ± 27.2

> 6 years

222 (55.1%)

55.6 ± 25.6

53.8 ± 20.9

48.1 ± 24.7

T test

2.737

3.107

2.975

P value

0.008**

0.001**

0.003**

≤ 8000

203 ((50.4%)

61.6 ± 25.8

59.2 ± 22.2

52.8 ± 26.4

8001–15,000

101 (25.1%)

55.3 ± 25.9

52.0 ± 23.6

50.1 ± 26.4

> 15,000

99 (24.6%)

48.3 ± 26.9

50.1 ± 23.0

44.7 ± 22.8

F test

5.365

4.678

1.765

P value

0.008**

0.019**

0.188

Yes, higher

82 (20.3%)

63.3 ± 28.6

58.4 ± 25.6

53.5 ± 25.1

Yes, lower

79 (19.6%)

65.2 ± 26.1

61.9 ± 20.9

55.3 ± 23.6

No change

242 (60.0%)

55.3 ± 25.3

54.8 ± 21.9

49.7 ± 27.1

F test

5.718

3.149

1.658

P value

0.002**

0.017**

0.154

Primary healthcare

71 (17.6%)

56.5 ± 23.5

52.9 ± 20.4

49.0 ± 21.2

Government hospital

272 (67.5%)

61.4 ± 26.2

59.1 ± 23.3

52.7 ± 27.3

Private hospital

39 (09.7%)

52.2 ± 29.2

53.9 ± 18.0

52.2 ± 23.3

University hospital

21 (05.2%)

47.4 ± 29.5

47.9 ± 25.2

44.2 ± 29.4

F test

3.171

2.980

0.950

P value

0.021**

0.063

0.533

Yes

44 (10.9%)

58.2 ± 26.0

54.9 ± 22.3

52.1 ± 22.9

No

359 (89.1%)

58.9 ± 26.5

57.2 ± 22.7

51.5 ± 26.5

T test

− 0.170

− 0.648

0.146

P value

0.975

0.601

0.996