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Table 4 Association between dietary changes during COVID-19 and depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms among the participants (n = 447)

From: Psychiatric morbidity and dietary habits during COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study among Egyptian Youth (14–24 years)

 

Depression, n (%)

Anxiety, n (%)

Insomnia, n (%)

No 87 (19.5)

Yes 360 (80.5)

No 116 (26.0)

Yes 331 (74.0)

No 117 (26.2)

Yes 330 (73.8)

Bodyweight change

 No change

66 (34.7)

124 (65.3)

82 (43.2)

108 (56.8)

77 (40.5)

113 (59.5)

 Weight loss

7 (7.8)

83 (92.2)

10 (11.1)

80 (88.9)

9 (10.0)

81 (90.0)

 Weight gain

14 (8.4)

153 (91.6)

24 (14.4)

143 (85.6)

31 (18.6)

136 (81.4)

 P value

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

No. of meals/ day

 No change

69 (30.8)

155 (69.2)

91 (40.6)

133 (59.4)

88 (39.3)

136 (60.7)

 Decreased

6 (5.0)

114 (95.0)

10 (8.3)

110 (91.7)

9 (7.5)

111 (92.5)

 Increased

12 (11.7)

91 (88.3)

15 (14.6)

88 (85.4)

20 (19.4)

83 (80.6)

 P value

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

Changes of dietary habits

 No change

33 (21.7)

119 (78.3)

50 (32.9)

102 (67.1)

56 (36.8)

96 (63.2)

 Loss of/poor appetite

3 (4.0)

72 (96.0)

6 (8.0)

69 (92.0)

3 (4.0)

72 (96.0)

 Increased consumption of junk food

8 (7.4)

100 (92.6)

11 (10.2)

97 (89.8)

16 (14.8)

92 (85.2)

 Increased consumption of healthy food

43 (38.4)

69 (61.6)

49 (43.8)

63 (56.2)

42 (37.5)

70 (62.5)

 P value

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

Emotional eating

 Not a habit at all

70 (27.9)

181 (72.1)

88 (35.1)

163 (64.9)

80 (31.9)

171 (68.1)

 A habit before COVID-19

12 (10.3)

104 (89.7)

21 (18.1)

95 (81.9)

24 (20.7)

92 (79.3)

 A new habit during COVID-19

5 (6.3)

75 (93.8)

7 (8.8)

73 (91.3)

13 (16.2)

67 (83.8)

 P value

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

< 0.006 *

Night eating

 Not a habit at all

52 (33.1)

105 (66.9)

59 (37.6)

98 (62.4)

68 (43.3)

89 (56.7)

 A habit before COVID-19

21 (13.2)

138 (86.8)

39 (24.5)

120 (75.5)

27 (17.0)

132 (83.0)

 A new habit during COVID-19

14 (10.7)

117 (89.3)

18 (13.7)

113 (86.3)

22 (16.8)

109 (83.2%)

 P value

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

< 0.001 *

Consumption of carbonated beverage

 No change

60 (26.3)

168 (73.7)

70 (30.7)

158 (69.3)

72 (31.6)

156 (68.4)

 Decreased

22 (16.8)

109 (83.2)

34 (26.0)

97 (74.0)

34 (26.0)

97 (74.0)

 Increased

5 (5.7)

83 (94.3)

12 (13.6)

76 (86.4)

11 (12.5)

77 (87.5)

 P value

< 0.001 *

0.008 *

< 0.003 *

Consumption of caffeinated and energy drinks

 No change

60 (27.0)

162 (73.0)

70 (31.5)

152 (68.5)

76 (34.2)

146 (65.8)

 Decreased

17 (17.7)

79 (82.3)

23 (24.0)

73 (76.0)

21 (21.9)

75 (78.1)

 Increased

10 (7.8)

119 (92.2)

23 (17.8)

106 (82.2)

20 (15.5)

109 (84.5)

 P value

< 0.001 *

0.016 *

< 0.001 *

  1. COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
  2. *P < 0.05