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Table 3 Summary of baseline characteristics and outcomes of included studies

From: Impact of COVID-19 on adolescents’ mental health: a systematic review

Authors

Type of study

Study location

Age group (mean ± SD)

Sample size

Outcomes studied

Findings (OR/β/R2 to develop adverse mental health)

Total

M/F (%)

Questionnaire used

Component assessed

Oosterhoff et al. [15]

Cross-sectional

USA

13–18 (16.35 ± 1.13)

683

22.7/75.3

1) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) anxiety scale

2) PROMIS depression scale

3) Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire

1) Anxiety

2) Depression

3) Belongingness and burdensomeness

No association between degree of social distancing engagement and any indicator of mental or social health across all models (R2 adjusted for anxiety 0.083; − 0.2–0.15; p value 0.09), (R2 adjusted for depression 0.057; − 0.28–0.05; p value 0.09), (R2 adjusted for burdensomeness 0.02; − 0.27–0.27; p value 0.14), and (R2 adjusted for belongingness 0.12; − 0.01–0.47; p value 0.12)

Seçer and Ulaş [16]

Cross-sectional

Turkey

14–18 (16.4 ± 2.14)

598

38.9/61.1

1) Obsessive Compulsory Inventory-Child Version

2) Emotional Reactivity Scale

3) Depression and Anxiety Scale for Children

4) The Fear of COVID-19 Scale

5) Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire

1) Obsessive compulsive symptoms

2) Emotional response

3) Depression and anxiety symptoms

4) Depression and anxiety symptoms due to COVID-19

5) Avoidance responses against various experiences

Fear of COVID-19 positively predicts emotional reactivity (β = .50, p < .01), and emotional reactivity positively predicts experiential avoidance (β = .59, p < .01) and depression-anxiety (β = .81, p < .01).

Zhou et al. [11]

Cross-sectional

China

12–18 (N.A)

8079

46.5/53.5

1) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

2) Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7)

1) Depression

2) Anxiety

Female gender (DE 1.15; 1.05–1.26) (AN 1.1; 1.001–1.21) (p = 0.048), being in Hubei province (DE 1.58, 1.34–1.87) (AN 1.64; 1.39–1.93) (p < 0.001), and being in junior grade three (DE 1.4; 1.11–1.75) (AN 1.32; 1.04–1.67) (p < 0.001) confers higher risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms meanwhile awareness of COVID-19 was protective against depressive and anxiety symptoms

Qu et al. [14]

Prospective cohort

China

12–17 (14.33 ± 1.12)

14,241

51.11/48.89

1) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

2) Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7)

3) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF)

4) Connor-Davidson resilience Scale (CD-RISC)

5) Propensity Score Matching

1) Depression

2) Anxiety

3) Childhood abuse

4) Resilience

5) Probability of exposure risk

Depression 2.3 (1.7–3.1; p < 0.0001) and anxiety 2.1 (1.6–2.8; p < 0.0001) in adolescents with an exposure risk.

  1. DE Depression, AN Anxiety