From: Impact of COVID-19 on adolescents’ mental health: a systematic review
Authors | Type of study | Study location | Age group (mean ± SD) | Sample size | Outcomes studied | Findings (OR/β/R2 to develop adverse mental health) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | M/F (%) | Questionnaire used | Component assessed | |||||
Oosterhoff et al. [15] | Cross-sectional | USA | 13–18 (16.35 ± 1.13) | 683 | 22.7/75.3 | 1) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) anxiety scale 2) PROMIS depression scale 3) Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire | 1) Anxiety 2) Depression 3) Belongingness and burdensomeness | No association between degree of social distancing engagement and any indicator of mental or social health across all models (R2 adjusted for anxiety 0.083; − 0.2–0.15; p value 0.09), (R2 adjusted for depression 0.057; − 0.28–0.05; p value 0.09), (R2 adjusted for burdensomeness 0.02; − 0.27–0.27; p value 0.14), and (R2 adjusted for belongingness 0.12; − 0.01–0.47; p value 0.12) |
Seçer and Ulaş [16] | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 14–18 (16.4 ± 2.14) | 598 | 38.9/61.1 | 1) Obsessive Compulsory Inventory-Child Version 2) Emotional Reactivity Scale 3) Depression and Anxiety Scale for Children 4) The Fear of COVID-19 Scale 5) Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire | 1) Obsessive compulsive symptoms 2) Emotional response 3) Depression and anxiety symptoms 4) Depression and anxiety symptoms due to COVID-19 5) Avoidance responses against various experiences | Fear of COVID-19 positively predicts emotional reactivity (β = .50, p < .01), and emotional reactivity positively predicts experiential avoidance (β = .59, p < .01) and depression-anxiety (β = .81, p < .01). |
Zhou et al. [11] | Cross-sectional | China | 12–18 (N.A) | 8079 | 46.5/53.5 | 1) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) 2) Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) | 1) Depression 2) Anxiety | Female gender (DE 1.15; 1.05–1.26) (AN 1.1; 1.001–1.21) (p = 0.048), being in Hubei province (DE 1.58, 1.34–1.87) (AN 1.64; 1.39–1.93) (p < 0.001), and being in junior grade three (DE 1.4; 1.11–1.75) (AN 1.32; 1.04–1.67) (p < 0.001) confers higher risk factor for depressive and anxiety symptoms meanwhile awareness of COVID-19 was protective against depressive and anxiety symptoms |
Qu et al. [14] | Prospective cohort | China | 12–17 (14.33 ± 1.12) | 14,241 | 51.11/48.89 | 1) Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) 2) Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) 3) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF) 4) Connor-Davidson resilience Scale (CD-RISC) 5) Propensity Score Matching | 1) Depression 2) Anxiety 3) Childhood abuse 4) Resilience 5) Probability of exposure risk | Depression 2.3 (1.7–3.1; p < 0.0001) and anxiety 2.1 (1.6–2.8; p < 0.0001) in adolescents with an exposure risk. |