Anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kuwait: the importance of physical activity

Middle East Current Psychiatry

Table 3 Prevalence of depression (PHQ-9) among groups during the outbreak of COVID-19 in Kuwait

Sociodemographic characteristics		Depression level					Depressed	χ²	P value
		Normal	Mild	Moderate	Moderate to severe	Severe	Depressed
		519	399	199	108	59	765
		40.42%	31.07%	15.50%	8.41%	4.60%	59.6%
Physical activity	Physically inactive	222	222	132	72	45	471	57.694	< 0.001
	Physically inactive	32.00%	32.00%	19.00%	10.40%	6.50%	68.0%
	Physically active	297	177	67	36	14	294
	Physically active	50.30%	29.90%	11.30%	6.10%	2.40%	49.7%
Gender	Female	176	176	102	81	42	401	84.697	< 0.001
	Female	30.50%	30.50%	17.70%	14.00%	7.30%	69.5%
	Male	343	223	97	27	17	364
	Male	48.50%	31.50%	13.70%	3.80%	2.40%	51.5%
Education	High school and less	43	29	19	14	5	67	29.642	0.003
	High school and less	39.10%	26.40%	17.30%	12.70%	4.50%	60.9%
	Diploma	63	56	26	11	9	102
	Diploma	38.20%	33.90%	15.80%	6.70%	5.50%	61.8%
	Bachelor’s degree	281	240	129	70	39	478
	Bachelor’s degree	37.00%	31.60%	17.00%	9.20%	5.10%	63.0%
	Higher education	132	74	25	13	6	118
	Higher education	52.80%	29.60%	10.00%	5.20%	2.40%	47.2%
Marital status	Single	190	209	105	60	44	418	50.869	< 0.001
	Single	31.30%	34.40%	17.30%	9.90%	7.20%	68.8%
	Married	329	190	94	48	15	347
	Married	48.70%	28.10%	13.90%	7.10%	2.20%	51.3%
Occupation	Employer	73	102	54	37	20	213	61.492	< 0.001
	Employer	25.50%	35.70%	18.90%	12.90%	7.00%	74.5%
	Student	379	272	131	62	30	495
	Student	43.40%	31.10%	15.00%	7.10%	3.40%	56.6%
	Retired	44	12	3	3	5	23
	Retired	65.70%	17.90%	4.50%	4.50%	7.50%	34.3%
	Unemployed	23	13	11	6	4	34
	Unemployed	40.40%	22.80%	19.30%	10.50%	7.00%	59.6%

“Depressed” column represents all respondents who scored 5 to 27 in PHQ-9 scale (i.e., mild, moderate, moderate to severe, and severe depression); % within independent variable groups